Aggressive Behavior Within The Secondary Classroom

TED 8000-502 Classroom Management Elizabeth Wessling July 23, 2015 Aggressive Behavior in the Secondary Classroom Kate Bolshakova University of Nebraska at Omaha Introduction One of the primary functions of schools is to provide a safe environment conductive to learning. Although cases of school violence have been steadily decreasing over the past three decades, the safety of the school environment is still an issue. According to the National Center for Educational Statistics, in 2011, 33% of students in grades 9 through 12 reported that they had been in a physical fight in the previous 12 months, and 12% reported that they had fought on school property. 17% of high school students reported that they had carried a weapon anywhere on at least one day during the previous 30 days, while 5% admitted carrying a weapon on school property. For students aged 12-18, the rates of violent victimization in 2011 were higher at school than away from school. Students are not the only ones to face the problem of physical violence at school. During the 2007-2008 school year 7% of teachers were threatened with injury by a student from their school. Fighting, bullying, threatening and other forms of hostility in the secondary school setting present a serious challenge to the physical safety and psychological security of everyone. Physical and verbal aggression arises from the complex interpersonal and intrapersonal factors. When adolescents from diverse backgroundsShow MoreRelatedBullying And Its Effect On Schools1607 Words   |  7 PagesWhile bullying has occurred for many years, anti- bullying programs in schools are having a strict development. Bullying was not an important subject that was paid much attention in schools or classrooms before 1999. When the Columbine and Virginia Tech shooting happened, schools did not have any anti-bullying programs. In 1999, schools started to implement anti-bullying programs like The Espelage Lab and Collaborator and many others. Unfortunately, bullying is still happening in nowadays. BullyingRead MoreBullying in Schools Essay1512 Words   |  7 PagesBullying is not something that c an just be addressed inside one teachers classroom, it requires a comprehensive community effort to effectively stop bullying and the tolerance of bullying. Research shows only 4% of teachers intervene in a situation where a student is being bullied yet 50-75% of students with special needs are the main targets of bullying. These percentages do not add up. With more adult involvement and awareness of what to look for with students educators possess the power to notRead MoreIntroduction:. Many Studies Have Shown That Bullying Is1650 Words   |  7 Pagesor she is exposed repeatedly and on time, to negative actions on the part of one or more students. Here negative actions is when someone intentionally inflicts or tries to inflict , injury or discomfort on another’s it is overall said to be aggressive behavior Negative actions can be for instance harsh words, calling out names threatening, taunting, and teasing. Also, it is negative when someone pushes, hits, kicks, punches, or restrains other by physical contact. Sometimes bully doesn’t involveRead MoreNetwork And Relational Perspectives For Community Psychology1244 Words   |  5 PagesA 10-YEAR RETROSPECTIVE OF ORGANIZATION STUDIES IN COMMUNITY PSYCHOLOGY: CONTENT, THEORY, AND IMPACT. Retrieved from http://www.scra27.org/files/3314/0000/4621/Boyd_JOCP_March_2014_10_Year_Retrospective_on_Org_Studies_in_Comm_Psych_1.pdf Summary Within the article â€Å"A 10-year Retrospective of Organization Studies in Community Psychology: Content, Theory, and Impact†, it defined that organization studies and community psychology are two complementary fields. 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Challenges towards making NPE a reality in the Malaysian society a) The Lack of Exposure on Emotional Intelligence (EQ) in Classroom EQ as mentions by Bar-On (1997, as cited in Butler, 2006), is an array of noncognitive capabilities, competencies and skills that influenceRead MoreEssay on The Consequences of Doing Gender in College2211 Words   |  9 PagesThe Consequences of Doing Gender in College The most commonly preached and accepted social path for an individual is to go through elementary and secondary school, and immediately follow that with some sort of a post-secondary education. We must take the skills we have learned in grade school and apply them, as we become adults. Schools where a student can receive a degree are regarded as the highest quality by society. We are lead to believe that the college or university campus is filled withRead MoreHealth Promotion Planning Project : Bullying Among Children And Adolescents1651 Words   |  7 Pagesthe exact number of bullying incidents that occur in our primary and secondary schools each year. While there is some evidence to suggest that students now find schools safer that they were ten years ago, but bullying still occurs every day somewhere in someone’s life. To reduce bullying among children or adolescents between the ages of 7-12 years, one must assess school prevention and intervention efforts around student behaviors in schools. In communities, bullying can be prevented when the powerRead MoreResearch Paper on Child Behavior1597 Words   |  7 PagesChild Behavior As It Ages Michael Larson English Composition II Ensley Laruth 10/30/2012 Child Behavior As It Ages Many people have studied the effect of academic achievement and later career success. The focus of this paper will be on the work of Greg Duncan of Northwestern University and L Rowell Huesmann of the University of Michigan. These findings can help parents, teachers and behavioral scientists help disruptive students. The study shows that the way children act at a young age will reflect

The Battle Of Fort Sumter - 1590 Words

Introduction: On the twelfth of April 1861, Union troops had just taken refuge in Fort Sumter under the cover of darkness. They were out number out gunned and running out of time. The newly formed Confederate States of America (CSA) had now occupied the five other military installations within the Garrison. At 0430, the first shot of the American Civil War rang out and Fort Sumter was fast under the barrage that the surrounding garrison forts occupied by the confederate forces (sumter). Major Anderson was reluctant to return fire, as his previous orders were not to be the aggressor. The first shots returned in volley to the confederate forces was by a private under the Major Anderson, who raced up to the third story of Fort Sumter where the largest artillery guns were loaded and ready to fire. In following his lead, other soldiers in the fort also began firing on the confederate antagonists (Civil War Journal: Destiny of Fort Sumter, 1993). Thirty four hours later Major Ander son surrendered the fort over to General Beauregard without a single loss of life on either side of the battle. However, death was soon to befall the soldiers of Fort Sumter. Thesis: The complete lack of organized military and government intelligence solidified the abysmal start to the civil war. If the Union leadership during the Buchanan administration had anticipated the treachery of the southern officers and leaders within the federal government then they could have prevented the secessionShow MoreRelatedThe Battle Of Fort Sumter1373 Words   |  6 Pages The battle at Fort Sumter why it occurred, what happen, and how did this battle affect the war itself. Why was it significant to the outcome of the war? Alanea Rainey History 121 Georgia Military College On March 5, 1861 the day after President Lincoln inauguration of the United States, The president received a message (Beringer, Why the South lost the Civil War). In attempt by the confederate government to settle differences with the union were sponged by Lincoln and the confederateRead MoreThe Battle Of Fort Sumter885 Words   |  4 PagesThe battle for Fort Sumter was the battle that started the American Civil War in 1861 when the first shot were fired that signal the beginning of the war. General Beauregard sent Major Anderson a message saying that he would fire in one hour if he didn’t surrender prior that day Adj. Gen. Of the Secretary of War Samuel Cooper, Anderson composed, (1) The progression I have taken was, as I would like to think, important to keep the emanation of blood. The following day he composed to Floyd sayingRead MoreThe Battle At Fort Sumter987 Words   |  4 PagesNatalie Lockman Professor Campbell English 112 The Battle at Fort Sumter Being raised in the south, there are somethings that life teaches a person; you always hold the door, acknowledge someone as they pass you by, and always say â€Å"ya’ll†. The southern culture is something that sites in its own niche of history and drags the past into the future. In A Rose for Emily by William Faulkner, the reader gets a taste of the south and the way of southern living through an outside view of Emily Grierson’sRead MoreEssay on Battle of Fort Sumter1234 Words   |  5 PagesFort Sumter is located in Charleston, South Carolina. The fort is in Charlestons harbor. The fort was not even complete when war broke out. This was a big turning point for the United States of America. It separated the north from the south and in some cases it separated families. This war would impact how the United States saw slavery. It is the most deadly war that the United States has every seen in its history. It all began with the secession of South Carolina. After this an understandingRead More Battle of Fort Sumter Essay1159 Words   |  5 Pages nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Fort Sumter is located in Charleston, South Carolina. The fort is in Charleston’s harbor. The fort was not even complete when war broke out. This was a big turning point for the United States of America. It separated the north from the south and in some cases it separated families. This war would impact how the United States saw slavery. It is the most deadly war that the United States has every seen in its history. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;It all began withRead MoreThe Battle of Fort Sumter Essay1497 Words   |  6 Pagesthat fort will inaugurate a civil war greater than any the world has yet seen†¦you will lose us every friend at the North. You will wantonly strike a hornet’s nest which extends from mountains to ocean. Legions now quiet will swarm out and string us to death. It is unnecessary. It put us in the wrong. It is fatal. –Robert Toombs. (Boerner paragraph 2). The Civil War impacted the course of history forever. But it had to start somewhere and the Battle of Fort Sumter marked the start. The Battle of FortRead MoreNational Monument999 Words   |  4 PagesFort Sumter has to be one of the most historic national monuments in South Carolina. This fort has gone through a lot of history over the past years. I will inform you with some of the history behind this fort. The fort was appointed after the man called Thomas Sumter. He was conceived in 1734 and he past away in 1832. One of the main reasons why this fort is so famous is because its known as the first battlefield where gunshots started and it began the civil war. This fort had received an enormousRead MoreThe Civil War, Lasting From 1861-1865, Consisted Of Numerous1156 Words   |  5 PagesThe Civil War, lasting from 1861-1865, consisted of numerous bloody battles, military involvements and other historically significant events. There were over ten thousand events, fifty of them bei ng major.. These battles stretched across twenty-three states and caused over half a million casualties. America was divided between the confederates and union. One of these events started in Fort Sumter, South Carolina. The Confederate States of America were a chain of eleven southern states that separatedRead MoreThe American Civil War1624 Words   |  7 Pagesmost United States citizens. Battle of Fort Sumter is considered the first battle that initiated the Civil War between the Union and the Confederacy. The battle only lasted two days, but it took four months after the secession of Confederate states for someone to pull the first cannon lanyard and years for the United States to resolve. The union Soldiers at Fort Sumter were stranded on an island with walls, surrounded by Confederate artillery batteries. This was a battle that demonstrated the prideRead MoreThe Civil War Of The United States Essay1054 Words   |  5 Pagesdifferent locations, some of the major battles dur ing the civil war were, the battle of Fort Sumter, which is near Charleston, South Carolina. The battle of bull run which took place in, Prince William County, Virginia. The battle of Shiloh which took place in Hardin county, Tennessee. And the bloodiest battle of the civil war, was the battle of Gettysburg, Pennsylvania. Millions of soldiers fought in the civil war and died from different casualties during battle. On may 9th, 1865, came the end of the

Nurse practitioner scope of practice Free Essays

Nurse Practitioner Scope of Practice in the United States Nurse Practitioners are registered nurses who are outstandingly recognized for providing primary care and treating acute and chronic illness and diseases. They acquired practiced skills and experience through advance education and medical training, and are authorized to serve as health and medical care resources and interdisciplinary consultants for diverse populations during health and illness. Nurse Practitioners may be generalists, like family nurse practitioners, or specialists whose areas of expertise include pediatrics, geriatrics, and psychiatry. We will write a custom essay sample on Nurse practitioner scope of practice or any similar topic only for you Order Now Nurse Practitioners render a wide range of different types of preventive and clinical services as authorized by a state’s Nurse Practice Act that vary from state-to-state in which some allow independent practice for nurse practitioners. In the United States, the state from which a nurse practitioner is practicing gives the nurse practitioner’s license being certified by the American Nurses Credentialing Center (ANCC). Since the profession is regulated by the state, the extended care-giving role played by Nurse Practitioners varies. Nurse practitioners in the community may be engaged in health maintenance organizations, home health care agencies, public health departments, school or college clinics, and physician’s offices, to mention a few. With increasing demand for primary care services to underserved groups and communities, nurse practitioners are successfully qualified for rendering such service, being fully equipped with appropriate knowledge and training. Standards for practice developed by the American Academy of Nurse Practitioners (1993) provide the specific activities that a nurse practitioner can perform and govern the services granted. In general, regardless of specialty, the scope of services practiced by nurse practitioners is divided into three categories. The first category covers the assessment of health status. This includes activities such as obtaining medical and health record of an individual, performing nursing assessments, and conducting physical examination on patients. Nurse practitioners also perform preventive screening procedures based on the patient’s age and history. Such screening includes those for hearing, sight, and cancer. Identification of medical health risks and requirements is also under the scope of practice of this profession. The second category is the application of suitable diagnosis based on previous examinations and clinical findings. They execute and interpret diagnostic studies such as routine laboratory tests, EKGs and X-rays. Diagnosing, treating, evaluating, and managing minor and common and acute and stable illness and diseases such as injuries, diabetes, and high blood pressure are being employed by nurse practitioners. Also, with proper training or with supervision, they are also allowed to perform minor surgeries and procedures and may be First Assistants in the OR. Central to the care provided by nurse practitioners are the conditions of the patients and the further effect of illness on the lives of the patients and the patients’ relatives. Thus, supportive counseling and educating patients regarding their health behaviors stressing out health promotion and citing preventive measures on illness and diseases are also under the practice of nurse practitioners. Providing prenatal care, conducting well-child screenings and immunizations, prescribing rehabilitation treatments and medications, though limited in some states, are also being practiced. All of these fall under the third category and can be summarized as the management of the case. This further identifies the needs of individual, family or community the assessment and interpretation of data collected.   Evaluation and execution of plan of care are also being stressed in the practice of such profession. Nurse practitioners also establish collaborative working relationship with physicians to provide comprehensive care and refer patients to other health professionals as needed to meet the appropriate health and medical goals. Nurse practitioners with specialization may include other specific activities in their scope of practice in line with their acquired specialty to further serve the target population. For pedriatric nurse practitioner, for instance, one may include the analysis of factors that may affect the child’s growth and development. Studies relating to abnormal and normal development in relation to anatomical, physiological, motor, cognitive, and social behavior of the child may be included in his scope of practice. Women’s health care nurse practitioner may perform fertility counseling and infertility management and may also give prescription and management of birth control pills and diaphragms or provide family planning services. To further improve the scope of practice, there are nurse practitioners that take advance training for certain clinical procedures. These procedures which can be accomplished by nurse practitioners with effective training which depends on previous experience and practice limitations of individual state Nurse Practice Acts. The continuing progress to cope with changing health care needs of the society is the responsibility of the nurse practitioners. They unite the role of being a care resource person, counselor and educator, researcher and administrator especially in the field of primary health care.   Members of such profession are liable for the expansion and improvement of the practice of such profession and this can be achieved through involvement and active participation in professional health care organizations and their activities as they ensure that the standards on the scope of practice for nurse practitioners are maintained. References Kozier B., et al. (1998). Fundamentals of Nursing: Concepts, Process and Practice. Addison Wesley Longman, Inc. Nurse Practitioner Scope of Practice. (2007). American College of  Ã‚   Nurse Practitioners.    Retrieved 02 December 2007 from http://www.acnpweb.org/i4a/pages/index.cfm?pageid=3465 Pulcini J., Wagner M. (2007). Nurse Practitioner in the United States: A Success   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Story. Retrieved 02 December 2007 from    http://www.aanp.org/NR/rdonlyres/etftrynjxwmtu4xkmt6ttfi5retun5uy2cuh4zwyz  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   dh7yghw2wiei4dne2mth4imdafkhk6uyikihb/051-056%25252ePulcini_new.pdf Sherwood G. et al. (2007). Defining Nurse Practitioner Scope of Practice: Expanding Primary Care Services. Journal of Advanced Nursing Practice. Retrieved 02 December 2007 from http://www.ispub.com/ostia/index.xmlFilePath=journals/ijanp/vol1n2/scope.xml How to cite Nurse practitioner scope of practice, Essay examples

Supply Chain for Audi free essay sample

Supply Chain Research Submitted by Ahmed El-Barky Outlines (Topic 1) 12345Activities. Market and competitors. Supply chain design. SWOT analysis. References. 1- Activities for Audi. Audi is one of the best cars in the world. In the beginning I will talk about Audi’s activities. First of all we all know the Audi is a German manufacturer of Cars. Producing a lot of types of cars starting from Supermini to SUV cars in different prices with different categories. Audi is a brand from the group of Volkswagen. The company itself located in Ingolstadt, Germany The Company name comes from the founder name Who August Horch, His sir name means (Listen) in Germany and when you translate it into Latin it becomes Audi. 2- Audi Competitors. One of the biggest competitor towards Audi is BMW and of course the competition between Audi A4 and BMW 3 series. And BMW X Series and Audi Q7. Other competitor is Mercedes and they are competing with Audi A2 and Mercedes A class. We will write a custom essay sample on Supply Chain for Audi or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page 3- Supply Chain Design. Customer 4- SWOT Analysis. -Strengths Audis Brand. Audi is one of the most valuable cars in cars industry. The positioning of this car is really high for the customer they position it as high prestige according to the design and the style. -Strong cash flow Company operations during the period 2003-2006. The company increased its cash flow by 16% . according to that the cash equivalent increases from 1,207. 5million Euro to 4,884million. This is strength because with strong cash that will help the company to achieve its plans. Weaknesses Focusing only on Germany 70. 5% of the revenue for this company came from Germany Market. That will affect the company revenue because if the economy in Germany is not growing or sales in Germany is not going well. Or the competition in this area becomes higher. Small amount of production Audi has a small amount of production according to its Competitors for Example BMW produced 1. 1 million units and Mercedes 1. 2 million unit and for Audi in the same year it was 0. 9 Million unit that will affect the revenue of the company. ecause in the same year the revenues for BMW was 48,999 million Euro and for Audi it was 31,142 million Euro in the same year. Opportunities Sales in china China is the third world’s largest car market after US and Japan. China expectations are that it will be the world largest in 2015. Audi is the chines market since 1988 and it represents 10% from t he whole market. Audi became back in the chines market in 2006 by Audi A6 modified engine. Russian market. Russia is one of the fast growing car markets in the world. The annual growth was 30% in 2006 compared to 2005. Accourding to those changing Audi is preparing itself to compete in this market throw a large net of dealers and satellite service workshops in Russia. Middle East Market The Arab Gulf Area is one of the most important areas for luxury cars. Many of automotive industries start to establish their own factories there. The luxury car Is expected to grow 20% for the next 3 years. Towards that the company started to invest a lot for the luxury cars there like Audi Q7. Threats Material prices Cost of the raw material such as aluminum and other for this industry is rising. That will affect the company because the prices will be higher and that will increase the competition for the Japanese companies. Economy in Eurozone 90% from the revenue for Audi comes from Eurozone market and the euro economy is declining so it’s too hard to get the target revenue in this market only.

study Essay Example

study Essay Measuring supply chain management practices Ana Beatriz Lopes de Sousa Jabbour, Alceu Gomes Alves Filho, Adriana Backx Noronha Viana and Charbel Jose Chiappetta Jabbour Ana Beatriz Lopes de Sousa Jabbour is Assistant Professor in the Department of Industrial Engineering, Sao Paulo State University, Sao Paulo, Brazil. Alceu Gomes Alves Filho is Full Professor in Industrial Engineering in the Department of Industrial Engineering, Federal University of Sao Carlos, Adriana Backx Noronha Viana is Associate Professor in Business Administration and Charbel Jose Chiappetta Jabbour is Assistant Professor of Business Administration, both at The University of Sao Paulo Business School Ribeirao preto (FEA-RP/USP), Summary Purpose This paper aims to perform an empirical investigation about the constructs and indicators of the supply chain management practices framework. survey that was carried out on 107 Brazilian companies. Statistical techniques were employed to verify, validate, and test the reliability of the constructs and their indicators. To validate this framework principal component analysis and structural equation modeling techniques were used. Findings In general, previous studies uggest six constructs for measuring the supply chain management practices framework. However, in this study a framework was achieved with four constructs of supply chain management practices, namely, supply chain (SC) integration for production planning and control (PPC) support, information sharing about products and targeting strategies, strategic relationship with customer and supplier, and support customer order. This framework has adequate levels of validity and reliability. We will write a custom essay sample on study specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on study specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on study specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Research limitations/implications The main limitation of this study was that only a small sample of companies in a single sector and country were surveyed, and herefore there needs to be further research considering the special conditions in other countries. Originality/value This study investigated statistically set indicators to discuss the topic supply chain management practices. The framework obtained has good quality of validity and reliability indicators. Thus, an alternative framework has been added to measure supply chain management practices, which is currently a popular topic in the supply chain mainstream literature. Both defined constructs and the validated indicators can be used in other studies on supply chain management. Keywords Supply chain management, Working practices, Performance measurement (quality), Brazil Paper type Research paper 1. Introduction Supply chain management (SCM) is an integrated approach beginning with planning and control of materials, logistics, services, and information stream from suppliers to manufacturers or service providers to the end client; it represents a most important change in business management practices (Fantazy et al. 2010). SCM is one of the most effective ways for firms to improve their performance (Ou et al. , 2010). With the purpose of managing the supply chain actions for realizing improvement in nterprise performance, it is necessary to improve the planning and management of activities such as materials planning, inventory management, capacity planning, and logistics (Chandra and Kumar, 2000) with suppliers and clients. Currently, the topics that can be considered essential to research suggestions in SCM include: supply chain coordination, distribution and transport, inventory, order management, planning and optimization, supply chain integration, reverse logistics, supply chain information, supplier and vender selection, and green SCM (Hu et al. , 2010). PAGE 18 MEASURING BUSINESS EXCELLENCE VOL. 15 NO. 2 2011, pp. 8-31, Q Emerald Group publishing Limited, ISSN 1368-3047 While interest in SCM is increasing day-by-day, there is no consensus about the conceptual and methodological research bases of SCM, generating gaps in the state- of-the-art of this research field (Burgess et al. , 2006). It is impossible to develop sound SCM theory without acceptable frameworks and definitions of terms (Stock and Boyer, 2009). In addition, the lack of a comprehensive view of SCM practices and the lack of a reliable measure of the concept have constrained guidelines to the practice f SCM and further research on the topic (Li et al. 2005). For this reason, the validation of SCM practices issue has been attracting the attention of researchers. For example, Li et al. (2005) conceptualize, develop, and validate dimensions of SCM practices constructs. Nonetheless, there are no unanimities in determining the set of indicators that can adequately address the topic Supply Chain Management Practices. Studies performed by Halley and Beaulieu (2010), Bayraktar et al. (2009), Hsu et al. (2009), Robb et al. (2008), Chow et al. (2008), Koh et al. (2007), Zhou and Benton (2007), wong et al. 005), -ran et al. (2002) and Tan (2002) pointed out different types of indicators and constructs used. Therefore, studying SCM practices can contribute to finding a better understanding about SCM. Hence, this paper aims to do an empirical investigation of the constructs and indicators of the SCM practices framework. The following sections include a brief literature review on SCM practices (section 2), methodological proc edures (section 3), analyses and discussions (section 4), and finally, conclusions (section 5). 2. Literature background A high level of confusion has occurred amongst supply chain scholars during the ast decades by the several SCM definitions that have been proposed in the literature (Stock and Boyer, 2009). Three key subjects emerged from the various definitions: activities, benefits, and constituents/components. The first theme of SCM definitions, activities, contains the flow of materials and information, and networks of relationships, focusing on both internal (within the organization) and external (outside the organization). Second, the benefits resulting from effective implementation of SCM strategies are to add value and increase customer satisfaction. Third, the components or constituent parts of SCM; what organizations, unctions and processes involve the supply chain (Stock et al. , 2010). SCM practices are defined as the set of activities undertaken by an organization to promote effective management of its supply chain (Li et al. , 2005, 2006; Koh et al. , 2007); as the approaches applied in integration, managing and coordination of supply, demand and relationships in order to satisfy clients in effective way (Wong et al. 2005); as tangible activities/technologies that have a relevant role in the collaboration of a focal involve suppliers in decision making, encouraging information, sharing and looking or new ways to integrate upstream activities. As a consequence, it involves developing customer contacts by customer feedback to integrate the downstream activities and delivering orders directly to c ustomers (Chow et al. , 2008). In this sense, studying SCM practices supports the view theory regarding SCM. Relevant initiatives to identify and validate SCM practices have been reported, but it is worth noting that there is no pattern in defining and adopting indicators and constructs for SCM practices. Tan et al. (2002) and Tan (2002) identified 24 SCM practices from previous studies and formed six constructs: . supply chain integration; 2. information sharing; 3. supply chain characteristics; VOL. 15 NO. 2 2011 MEASURING BUSINESS EXCELLENCE PAGE 19 4. customer service management; 5. geographical proximity; and 6. JIT capability. They used a five-point Likert scale to measure the importance of these practices. Wong et al. (2005) proposed like indicators of SCM practices in their study: B supply chain performance; product differentiation; lead time management; postponement and customization; inventory and cost management; bullwhip effects; information sharing and coordination; buyer-seller relationship; etail strategy; and SCM initiatives. They used a case study and the practices based on the toy industry. Six distinctive constructs of SCM practices emerged, including strategic supplier partnership, customer relationship, information sharing, information quality, internal lean practices and postponement. All the items were measured on a five-point scale (Li et al. , 2005, 2006). Zhou and Benton (2007) consider three constructs of supply chain practices (supply chain planning, Just-in-time OIT) production, and delivery practice), because they have been shown to be closely related to delivery performance. Each statement required responses based on a seven-point Likert scale (1 h not implemented, 7 h extensively implemented). A list of SCM constructs used in previous literature regarding the SCM practices is relying on the extant literature. Koh et al. (2007) and Bayraktars et al. 2009) studies identify a set of 12 SCM practices: close partnership with suppliers, close partnership with customers, Just in time supply, strategic planning, supply chain benchmarking, few suppliers, holding safety stock, e-procurement, outsourcing, subcontracting, 3PL, many suppliers. Items were measured on five-point scales anging from 1 (not at all implemented) to 5 (fully implemented). Koh et al. (2007) m easuring two constructs and Bayraktar et al. (2009) measuring three constructs. A five-point interval rating scale system was used by Chow et al. 2008) with 5 equaling the highest extent or degree. The constructs were: customer and supplier management; communication and speed; and information sharing. Robb et al. (2008) considered four constructs in their research: 1 . customer relationships; 2. supplier relationships; 3. e-commerce; and 4. enterprise software. They used a seven-point Likert scale. PAGE 20 MEASURING BUSINESS EXCELLENCE VOL. 5 NO. 2 2011 In research performed by Hsu et al. (2009), respondents were asked to indicate on a five-point Likert scale (1 low, 5 high), the importance of each practice in their firm. The indicators were: increase suppliers Just in time capabilities; participating in sourcing decisions; geographical proximity of suppliers; formal information sharing agreements; improving the integration of activities; searching for new ways for integration; communicating future strategic needs; on-time delivery; and reducing response time. Halley and Beaulieu (2010) used four constructs (nesting, collaboration, financial ncorporation, and distancing) along with 13 indicators from the five-point Likert scale. Table I summarizes the theoretical studies of constructs pointed out in this section. Table II shows the constructs, the indicators and conceptual meaning used in this paper to measure and validate the SCM practices framework. The selection of constructs and indicators was based on research to reconcile the concepts of SCM (Stock et al. , 2010; Chandra and Kumar, 2000), in which they considered the necessity to manage, plan and control production and inventory, i. e. the flow of information nd materials; the definition of SCM practices (Wong et al. 2005; Chow et al. , 2008), the managed integration and coordination of supply, demand and relationships; and the most commonly found constructs and the indicators (Bayraktar et al. , 2009; Robb et al. , 2008; Chow et al. , 2008; Koh et al. , 2007; Zhou and Benton, 2007; Li et al. , 2006, 2005; Tan et al. , 2002; Tan, 2002). Taking this into consideration, the constructs considered were: supply chain integration, information sharing, custom er service management, customer relationship, supplier relationship and postponement. 3. Methodology 3. 1 Survey design In order to assess the construct of the SCM practices, a questionnaire was developed from a review of literature (Table II), and the respondents were asked to evaluate each question in terms of the level of implementation of each specific practice in their company. A five-point Likert scale (1 non-implemented and 5 totally implemented) was adopted because there are many researches uses the same method. Prior to this, a pre-test was given to professionals in the SC over a 65-day period, and from this pre-test some necessary adjustments were done to the questionnaire in order to make the questions clearer. The questionnaire was sent out to 532 different companies via personalized e-mails. In all, 107 companies responded (response rate only e-mails were sent to each of the 532 companies up to three times each. The participating companies were classified according to the position they occupy in their supply chain as follows: raw material supplier, component supplier, assembly company, distributor, or retailer. The companies were also classified according to their size (micro company, small company, medium company, and large company) and the predominant bargaining power in their major supply chain. The data were collected through an e-survey (internet-based survey) conducted with one respondent from each company (from different areas, such as marketing, operations, supply, and sales departments) of several different segments of the Brazilian VOL. 15 NO. 2 2011 MEASURING BUSINESS EXCELLENCE PAGE 21 Table I Summaries of the theoretical studies of constructs pointed out in this research Author(s) Research objective Construct Context Scale -ran (2002) The first objective was to derive a set of SCM practices and compare how practitioners ranked these practices to enhance competitive position. The second objective was o identify and compare the major concerns in implementing a successful SCM program. Finally, the third objective attempted to identify the practices and the concerns associated with successful supply chains The article described a survey effort to study contemporary supply evaluation practices. This also related these practices to firm performance The study explored SCM practices of toy supply chains, and revealed their practical and theoretical gaps The purpose of research was to develop and validate a parsimonious measurement instrument for SCM practices The purpose of study therefore to empirically test a framework dentifying the relationships among SCM practices, competitive advantage and organizational The purpose of study was to investigate: the relationship between information sharing and supply chain practice: the influence of supply chain dynamism on information sharing and supply chain practice; and the impact of chain practice on delivery determine the underlying dimensions of SCM practices and to empirically test a framework SCM practices, operational performance and SCM-related organizational performance with special emphasis on small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) in Turkey Study sought to determine the nderlying dimensions of SCM and IS practices. Next, empirically test a framework identifying the causal links among SCM and IS practices, SCM and Is-related inhibitors operational performance Information sharing Supply chain characteristic Customer service management Geographical proximity JIT capability Different industries Five-point Likert None Toy industry retail (volatile None demand) Strategic supplier partnership Customer relationship Information quality Internal lean practices Postponement Supply chain plan JIT production Delivery practices Seven-point Strategic collaboration and lean practices Outsourcing and multi-suppliers

FLOOD PLAIN ETHICS THE CONFLICTS BETWEEN UTILITARIANISM AND ALDO LEOPOLD8217S LAND ETHICS essays

FLOOD PLAIN ETHICS THE CONFLICTS BETWEEN UTILITARIANISM AND ALDO LEOPOLD8217S LAND ETHICS essays This paper will discuss the conflicts between the utilitarian ethical theory and the ethical theory put forth by Aldo Leopold known as The Land Ethic. The question chosen to express the philosophical differences central in the two theories is, what should we do with flood plain land use? The land use issue in general requires careful consideration. The flood plain land use issue illustrates the utilitarian and Aldo Leopolds Land Ethic philosophical conflicts. Utilitarianism derives from: 1) Actions which result in the greatest good for the greatest number of people. 2) Promote efficiency by comparing actions. 3) of Our judgments are universalizations (Van DeVeer, 1998). An example is the laws passed that try to please everyone which result in confusion. The first doctrine evaluates options based on whether their consequences produce happiness or unhappiness. That is, we judge what actions give us the most happiness with the least pain the utilitarian calculus. We sum the goods, positives and then the bads, negatives. Then subtract the negatives from the positives. This result must have a net good for the action to be considered right, however, this is not without weaknesses. A principal weakness is that by concentrating on consequences in the interest of broad human welfare, individual human rights can be trampled. Another weak point to this theory is, that in order to properly maximize happiness, we need to have a way to qu antify the amount of happiness produced by an act and a way to compare those results with the happiness produced by other possible acts (Griffin, 1998). "How do we measure pleasure? We connect enjoyment with preference fulfillment and associate this with the capacity to purchase those preferences in the marketplace. Measuring the fulfillment by the dollar amount used obtaining the preferences. In addition, the defining of happiness may be impossible. This ...

Retail management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Retail management - Essay Example By entering into joint-venture agreement with other large-scale grocery retailers around the world, Tesco Plc managed to establish 12 international businesses in Central Europe, Czech Republic, Hungary, Japan, Malaysia, Poland, South Korea, Thailand, Turkey, United Kingdom, and the United States among others (Leahy, 2007, pp. 42 – 43; Couch, 2006; Wilson, 2005). One of the secret behind the business success of Tesco is its ability to determine and deliver what its valued customer wants. In line with this, establishing an effective supply chain management is necessary not only within the operational level but also within the strategic level. Through the use of effective supply chain management system, the use of efficient logistic infrastructure enables the company to easily meet its target consumers’ expectations at a relatively cheaper service costs. In relation to the importance of establishing an effective supply chain management, this report will provide a strategic analysis with regards to the key supply chain issue that Tesco Plc would face over the next five years. As part of going through the main discussion, a brief historical outline with regards to the features of Tesco’s existing supply chain and special offers will be briefly tackled to give the readers with a clear overview concerning the research topic. Based on the historical developments in Tesco’s supply chain management system that took place between 1970s up to the present time, strategic recommendations on how Tesco Plc could further improve its supply chain management system will be highlighted in details. Brief Historical Outline with Regards to the Features of Tesco’s Existing Supply Chain and Special Offers Among the major suppliers of Tesco includes not only the local farmers but also other food and non-food manufacturers (Tesco PLC Corporate Responsibility Review 2007, 2007, p. 12). To achieve and maintain a smooth flow of product supplies coming str aight from Tesco’s accredited suppliers, the retail company maintains not only a good working relationship with its employees who are directly responsible in managing the schedule of delivery of its needed food and non-food supplies but also its valued consumers and a total of 1,500 accredited suppliers (Tesco PLC Corporate Responsibility Review 2007, 2007, p. 14). Mid-1970s – Direct to Store Delivery (DSD) Process During Mid-1970s, Tesco’s supply chain management system was highly dependent over the use of direct to store delivery (DSD) (Gustafsson, 2006, p. 45; Fernie & Sparks, 2004, p. 103). In line with the implementation of DSD process, Tesco was dependent over its regional distribution centres (RDCs) each time there was a need to transport ordered goods coming from its accredited suppliers straight to its retail store outlet (Gustafsson, 2006, p. 45). Although the use of this particular supply chain strategy enabled the company to deliver the ordered produ cts directly to each of Tesco’s store outlets, the retail company encountered customer complaints due to the inconsistency in the quality and market prices of food and non-food products

Samsungs Business Strategy Report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Samsungs Business Strategy Report - Essay Example This is as occasioned by the ever-changing environments in which businesses operate. As each business entity is devising innovative ways of increasing their turnover and market base, the overall competitiveness of the industry is increased, thereby causing the rest of the entities in each specific industry to up the game in order to be at par with the industry (Hoskisson et al 2009, p. 178). Given that there are various industries and business entities all partaking in different business operations, each entity must come up with a strategy that will ensure it thrives in its line of business else it risks being knocked off the competition (Moreton et al 2012, p. 176). In order to achieve and maintain their niche or improve even further, the businesses must consider a variety of aspects including the internal and external factors, in order to ensure their continued success and dominance. Despite this, coming up with the right business strategy is not always an easy task. Various consid erations have to be made to identify the best path forward since a wrong move could send a firm on a downward trend (Sekhar 2009, p. 87). In light of the above, the analysis of Samsung Electronics Company Ltd. in relation to existing and probable business strategy modules would suffice a business strategy report. Samsung Electronics is a transnational electronics corporation based in South Korea. It is the main auxiliary of Samsung Group of companies and has been on a steady rise over the recent couple of years. It operates on the global market platform, with branches in most major cities of the world. Samsung has considerably grown over the last couple of years, thereby increasing its global employee base to upwards of 200000 (Sekhar 2009, p. 187). The company is involved in the manufacture of end user electronic products. On the broad platform, it operates mainly in two expansive business units. These are the end product faction and the module division. The product division is inv olved in the fabrication of user products especially home appliances such as video and audio equipment, kitchen electronics, computers, air conditioners, cameras, printers and communication equipment such as mobile phones and tablet computers. On the other hand, the module division is involved in the business of manufacturing product components such as semiconductors, display products such as LCD’s, TFT’s, AMOLED’s and storage devices such as SD and microSD cards (Russ 2010, p. 231). Moreover, they partake in electronic consumables such as toners and cartridges for printers apart from the aforementioned products. Given the nature of their businesses, the industry is often tumultuous especially due to the constant innovative technologies that grace the electronics and telecommunications industry (Cant et al 2008, p. 121). Samsung Electronics prides itself with the vision to inspire the world and create the future. Their company profile identifies three strengths in relation to their vision. These are new technology, innovative products and creative solutions, all in a bid to realize the stated vision. Moreover, their main focus is on the industry, the employees and their business partners, and they identify these as the keys to their growth and overall success (Moreton et al 2012, p. 88). Their focus on the industry is aimed at assessing the industry trends to enable them map the best strategy to be the market leader. Meanwhile, the partnership vision is aimed at considering their business associates and generating a correlation targeting success for both partners and the company itself (Cant et al 2008, p. 322). On the other hand, the employee vision has the objective to empower the employees and create a sense in them that lets them diligently partake in their duties

Maureen Down, Tea Obreht and Stephanie Elizondo Essay

Maureen Down, Tea Obreht and Stephanie Elizondo - Essay Example The third reading by Griest is set in Moscow, Beijing and Havana. These three places are defined by diversity of practices in relation to cultural and social aspects, all of which the author presents her experiences across the all the three places. In all the readings, the visits made by the writers are characterized by local customs practices, all of which are uniquely undertaken in every city highlighted in the readings. In other words, the three readings depict a lot of local customs, an outstanding similarity in all the three readings. Saudi Arabia is slowly opening its social and economic doors to the international world. Amid this progress, there are limitations that her social context has to overcome to allow this process. The Saudi Arabian society has previously observed locked tourism doors, but Maureen Dowd presents the new phase in Saudi Arabia in relation to tourism pursuits. In so doing, the persons to whom these doors are open are limited, and only highly knowledgeable fellows are welcome in Saudi Arabia. The most significant account that cannot fail to be captured in Saudi Arabia is misogyny. Being an Islamic state, Saudi Arabia has a notable disregard for women. In other words, they are inferior to men, and thus highly submissive. The cultural and social context of Saudi Arabia is characterized by enormous and rich local customs that are unique to every single social setting observed here. The dominant local custom is the position of women in the cultural, social, economic and political aspects. There are legal provisions that restrict women from engaging in certain activities that cut across the aforementioned aspects. Practices that women engage in are highly monitored, and any deviations from the norms are highly punishable. Maureen Dowd (55) quotes, â€Å"A Saudi woman can’t even report harassment by a man without having a mahram, or male guardian, by her side.† Amid the integration of international practices in the social cont ext of Saudi Arabia, this local custom remains uniquely observed, and few women, if not none are up to violate this custom. "Twilight of the vampires" by Tea Obreht presents an account of a vampire-like society, where there seems to be a hunt of undead real people. In a nutshell, the reading is an account of unfortunate events that befall Tea Obreht in daily quests and interests in life. The Serbia and Belgrade simultaneous happenings pose a bad omen to what the author, the mother, the grandmother and the journalist are supposed to partake. Amid the devil-like interventions that Tea Obreht experiences, the spirit to press on remains vibrant. The underlying dilemma in "Twilight of the vampires" provides an opportunity to note the customs and practices undertaken in the Balkans society. The most notable local custom in this environment is the one realized from Tea Obreht (19) quote, â€Å"Whereas garlic, holy water, and crucifixes are commonly accepted apotropaic across the Balkans, scissors under the bed are also popular, as is the black-handled knife buried in the doorstep to cleave incoming evil in half.† Cities highlighted in the "Twilight of the vampires" to practice this custom as a way of dealing with incoming devils or bad luck. Stephanie Elizondo Griest’s text is rich in cultural diversity. The text presents and

Critical Incident Analysis Essay Nursing Essay

Critical Incident Analysis Essay Nursing Essay A critical incident is an incident which has prompted reflection of the actions undertaken by all involved and being critical of those actions in order to learn and improve practice (Perry, 1997 cited by Elliott 2004). Therefore, a critical incident is personal to each individual and requires critical thinking skills; critical thinking skills utilise the ability to reflect in order to decide upon the best outcome (Norris and Ennis, 1989 cited by Fisher, 2011). When applying critical thinking, the nurse must consider their own emotions, values and beliefs to develop an objective conclusion (Price et al, 2010); the conclusion may contribute to an improved awareness of learning needs and self. Reflection may aid these developments. Reflection is the process of critically analysing practice to uncover underlying influences, motivations and knowledge (Taylor, 2000 cited by Hilliard, 2006:35); therefore the ability to critically analyse and reflect are intertwined and crucial for the nurse to be able to learn from and develop their own practice. To analyse the chosen critical incident I will be using Johns model of structured reflection (Palmer et al, 1994 cited by Jasper, 2003) implicitly throughout this essay. Johns model consists of five questions to prompt reflection, these include; description of the incident, reflection, factors which may have influenced the outcome, possible ways in which the situation may have been improved and resultant learning (Palmer et al, 1994 cited by Jasper, 2003). Learning is divided in five sub-categories of knowing, these incorporate; care delivery, personal emotions, ethical considerations, underpinning theory and how personal development has contributed to the outcome compared to past situations (Price et al, 2010). The sub-categories of knowing implicitly apply Brookfields (1987) components of critical thinking which consist of challenging assumptions, recognising the importance of learning, how a potentially biased attitude may hinder learning, and contemplating and analysing potential interventions (Rolfe et al, 2011). Johns model of structured reflection (Palmer et al, 1994 cited by Jasper, 2003) was chosen as different aspects of the situation can be critically reflected upon, including how the actions of others may have contributed to the outcome; the sub-categories of knowing allow a thorough exploration of the experience from a personal and professional perspective. The critical incident I have chosen occurred during placement within an adult community learning disability team. The learning disability nurse, Georgina, received a referral for a 36 year old gentleman named Christopher. Christopher has a moderate learning disability, Downs syndrome and currently resides within a large residential home. Christopher has no living family and communicates with the use of some signs. Staff reported that Christopher remains in bed throughout the day on a daily basis; whilst in bed Christopher will extract and smear faeces in his bed and on his bedroom walls. Georgina explained that other health care professionals have reported that the care provided is unsatisfactory. Georgina and I met with the new manager of the home to discuss issues the residential staff were experiencing and Christophers wellbeing. The manager explained that the staff had reacted to Christophers behaviours by locking him out of his bedroom and leaving his bed without any bed clothes on. Staff hoped this would prevent Christopher from remaining in his bed and smearing faeces. Christopher responded by entering other residents bedrooms, getting into their bed and smearing faeces in their bedroom. When Georgina and I met Christopher, he was lying in his bed with his back to the door, facing the wall. Christopher ignored all attempts of interaction and continued to face the wall. This experience was a critical incident for me as I allowed another individual to influence my opinion over a service prior to visiting; this resulted in me entering into the service with a biased, negative attitude. This may have been portrayed to the staff through my body language, facial expressions or tone of voice which would not be conducive to working with the staff to promote Christophers holistic wellbeing. This experience has highlighted the importance of working together with the staff to begin to improve the care provided to Christopher. Appearing judgemental and negative may contribute to reduced staff morale and possibly a negative attitude towards me and other professionals. When I started the learning disability nursing course I did not consider how my non verbal communication may be interpreted by other individuals and the impact of this. I have since become very aware of this and am fully aware of the need to appear objective and approachable. It is apparent from this critical incident that I need to become more aware of and in control of my non-verbal communication. Appearing objective, professional and approaching all situations with an open mind may contribute to a good, collaborative working environment to influence change to promote holistic health. The key processes for reflection from this experience include the potential reasons for Christophers behaviour, the impact this behaviour has had on staff, organisational issues and the importance of collaborative working. I will now go on to critically discuss Christophers behaviours, exploring the factors which may contribute to these. Prior to attributing Christophers behaviours to challenging behaviour, potential physical and psychological health issues, social and emotional causes should be ruled out (McSherry et al, 2012); best practice states physical and mental health needs should be maintained and improved in order to promote holistic wellbeing (DH 2007c). This may prevent diagnostic overshadowing from occurring. Diagnostic overshadowing occurs when behaviours are wrongly attributed to an individuals learning disability (Mencap, 2007); Christophers behaviours may be attributed to his moderate learning disability or Downs syndrome. As Christopher does not communicate verbally and is choosing not to engage with staff this will contribute to the difficulty of detecting a potentially treatable cause to Christopher remaining in his bedroom and evacuating and smearing faeces. The Department of Health aim to work with the appropriate professional bodies to include the issue of diagnostic overshadowing in training a nd standards (DH, 2007a). Sensory impairment may be a contributory factor to Christophers change in behaviour, as the behaviour may be providing sensory stimulation. Impairment of hearing in individuals with Downs syndrome may be due to a build up of wax in narrow ear canals or impairment of vision possibly due to cataract, or glaucoma (NHS, 2005). Christopher may be evacuating and smearing faeces due to being constipated; constipation, in comparison with the general population, is more common in individuals with a learning disability (RCN, 2006). Constipation could be masking an underactive thyroid which is more common in individuals who have Downs syndrome (RCN, 2006). Furthermore, dementia or depression may be wrongly attributed to hypothyroidism (NHS, 2005). Depression is more commonly diagnosed in individuals who have Downs syndrome (NHS, 2005); difficulties in problem solving, coping with stress, including limited opportunities to socialise and limited life experiences may contribute to this (McGillivray et al, 2007). Dementia is more prevalent amongst individuals who have Downs syndrome compared to the general population (The British Psychological Society, 2009). Best practice suggests that all individuals who have Downs syndrome should be screened for dementia from the age of thirty to ensure an appropriate baseline assessment is available (Turk et al, 2001 cited by The British Psychological Society, 2009). Christopher has not been screened for dementia, this is not mandatory and may not be part of routine screening locally. Social changes, including staffing changes, routine, environment or a traumatic experience should be considered. Christophers home is experiencing a high turnover of staff; it is possible that a particular member of staff whom Christopher had a good therapeutic relationship with has left, thus leaving Christopher to cope with a loss. By Christopher experiencing this loss regularly he may experience difficulties accepting new staff in the future. The process of investigating Christophers behaviours should incorporate a capacity assessment to determine Christophers ability to consent to a holistic health assessment, appropriate interventions and whether Christopher understands the implications associated with his behaviours. If it is decided that Christopher does not have capacity, the reasoning for this should be accurately documented, including all efforts to aid understanding, and reviewed regularly (MCA, 2007). Person centred planning should be followed if any decision is to be made on behalf of an individual who lacks capacity, this must be in their best interests (MCA, 2007). A best interests meeting will be required with an advocate present to support Christophers rights. It could be argued that Christopher has been deprived of his liberty by being locked out of his bedroom and receiving unsatisfactory, non-personalised care. The European Court of Human Rights stated that if an individual looses autonomy due to being su bject to continuous supervision and control then this could contribute to deprivation of liberty (MCA, 2007). Deprivation of liberty should only be considered to protect an individual from harm, if there is no less restrictive option of providing appropriate care (MCA DOL safeguards, 2008: CQC, 2011). Christopher may have been subjected to institutional abuse as there appears to be rigid daily routines focused around staff shift times and meal times and a need for training to improve staffs knowledge (DH, 2000). Although, had Christophers hygiene not been maintained that would be considered neglect, thus causing a dilemma for staff (DH, 2000). Within social care, issues such as a high turnover of staff, inadequate training and knowledge of health needs has led inconsistent care delivery due to staff being unaware of their role in health facilitation (DH, 2008). Valuing People Now (DH, 2009) acknowledges that people with a learning disability should receive annual health checks and have a health action plan, but not everyone has received this yet. Health checks are not undertaken systematically as they are not currently integrated into routine within primary care settings in England (Michael, 2008). If annual health checks are integrated into routine within primary care this may increase the number of individuals receiving them. Training on health requirements and health action plans may raise awareness of health needs amongst individuals with a learning disability. The residential staff have the responsibility to recognise ill health and ensure Christopher is able to access appropriate services (DRC, 2006); this may be difficult due to a high staff turnover. Staff may prefer to avoid Christopher possibly due to finding the evacuating and smearing of faeces unpleasant (Whittington et al, 2005). This may impact on the staffs emotional wellbeing and their willingness to implement interventions recommended by specialists (Tynan et al, 2002: Dudman et al, 2012). The Royal College of Nursing highlighted organisational factors which may impair the quality of care provided; these factors include ignorance and fear as a result of inadequate knowledge and training (Michael, 2008). A high staff turnover may affect the dynamics of the staffing team. The residential staff may be in the forming stage of Tuckmans model (1977, cited by Goodman et al, 2010) due to new staff, such as the manager. Therefore, the individuals within the staffing group may have been attempting to get to know the new staff members, whilst the new staff members may have been attempting to understand cliques and communication methods within the group (Goodman et al, 2010). The factors which may be preventing the group from developing into an effective team include morale, communication and a clear understanding of their group identity (Goodman et al, 2010). Effective leadership is essential if the staff are to perform efficiently; essential leadership qualities include having a commitment to provide high quality care with the ability to motivate others, this will involve optimism, risk taking, creativity, and strong morals (Bishop, 2009). For Christophers wellbeing to be promoted, care plans should be reviewed regularly to determine their effectiveness and appropriateness regarding Christophers dynamic needs (CQC, 2010). The results of a study undertaken by Adams et al (2006) showed that those with a high quality person centred plan spent more time participating in meaningful activities. Currently, Christopher does not participate in meaningful daytime activities; Valuing People Now (DH, 2009) stated that services should provide their staff with training on topics such as how to develop a person centred plan. When this does not happen or the quality of training is poor, factors relevant to Winterbourne View such as poor care planning and lack of meaningful daytime activities may contribute to a diminished wellbeing, neglect or institutional abuse (DH, 2012b). To promote Christophers holistic wellbeing, the residential staff may benefit from support and training. For the staff to be able to develop high quality care plans, they should develop a therapeutic relationship with Christopher to get to know him well (DH, 2007a). This may contribute to Christopher having his health needs understood and a healthy lifestyle promoted (DH, 2007a). By staff feeling valued and supported, this may reduce the high staff turnover and improve morale, leading to a more consistent, dignified approach to care. When dignity is promoted Christopher may feel valued and in control of decisions, compared to potentially feeling humiliated and devalued (RCN, 2010b). A learning disability nurse should provide relevant interventions and education such as supporting Christopher to be understood and supporting staff to communicate effectively with Christopher to establish coping strategies and ensure Christophers health is promoted (Sheerin, 2008: DH, 2007 c). Collaborative working between health and social care professionals is required to ensure Christophers needs are met (RCN, 2011). Primary healthcare professionals such as nurses and GPs should be able to implement and develop health action plans with the support of learning disability nurses (DH, 2008). Health action plans need to be outcome focused with monitoring of progress and achievements, monitoring is required to ensure good quality health action plans (DH, 2008). Good quality health action plans may support a key objective of Valuing People Now (DH, 2009) by facilitating appropriate healthcare for individuals who have a learning disability to live longer, healthier lives (DH, 2009). Annual health checks are not yet routine practice within primary care settings (Michael, 2008), but are thought to be an effective intervention in promoting the wellbeing of individuals with a learning disability (DH, 2007a). By introducing financial incentives for GP practices to undertake annual health checks, it is hoped this will encourage primary healthcare services to assess an individuals health and provide appropriate interventions (DH, 2007a). Alternatively, introducing penalties for each individual who is not offered a health check may be a more ethically sound incentive. However, the aim of everyone with a learning disability being registered with a GP and with a health action plan has been unsuccessful to date due to these aims not being built into the targets of mainstream, primary healthcare (DRC, 2006). Best practice states that the nurse should use their skills to train and influence mainstream health staff to support them in providing person-centred care (DH, 2007c). Recently, it has been acknowledged that changes to peoples lives require action at a local level, with local commissioners and providers working together, change of this scale, ambition and pace requires national leadership (DH, 2012c: 15). Collaborative working is critical to effectively adopt a proactive approach for improved holistic wellbeing and reduced health inequalities amongst individuals who have a learning disability (DH, 2006). Upon reflection, I entered into the service believing they were doing wrong which was impacting on Christophers wellbeing; I did not consider factors which contributed to the level of care being delivered. I should have dealt with this experience in an objective, professional manner and considered how my facial expressions and body language may be perceived by the staff; thus conforming to the NMC Code (2008) by being impartial. I should have considered how it would affect the staffs morale and potential for collaborative working had the staff picked up on my negativity. From this experience, I am more aware of the need to control my non-verbal communication which has been continually developed throughout the course and will continue to be developed through working with individuals who have a learning disability, their families, carers and other professionals. The importance of collaborative working with other health and social care professionals in order to promote the wellbeing of an individual has been highlighted. In the past I have taken a blinkered approach of working with the individual in order to promote their wellbeing, however, in this instance the service and staff have required support and education in order to promote Christophers wellbeing. This realisation will enable me to consider the bigger picture and factors which may be contributing to the situation prior to developing a conclusion; this will ensure I support those I care for to access appropriate services (NMC, 2008). In summary, Christophers needs are not currently being met; in order to meet Christophers needs collaborative working between the residential staff and appropriate professionals needs to occur. Working with Christophers home and staff may improve the standard of care being delivered and ultimately improve Christophers holistic wellbeing. Collaborative working at a local level is fundamental to begin to improve standards. Although, this will need to be monitored to ensure Christopher is receiving appropriate, person centred care. In conclusion, a critical incident prompts critical reflection in order to develop and learn from the experience (Perry, 1997 cited by Elliott 2004). This incident prompted reflection of my own actions, the actions of others, and the implications of those actions. The residential staff require support and education in order to improve their practice to benefit Christophers wellbeing. This will need to be monitored to ensure Christopher is treated in a dignified, person centred manner with his human rights promoted. My practice will continue to develop through using different reflective tools, maintaining a reflective portfolio and regular supervision in practice. This will ensure my practice is underpinned using the best available evidence to ensure I provide appropriate care and work collaboratively with other health and social care professionals to adopt a holistic, person centred approach. This will ensure I work within my level of competence and continue to conform to the NMC Cod e (2008) by upholding the reputation of learning disability nurses. (Word Count, 3000)

The Fall of the House of Usher Essay -- Literary Analysis, Edgar Allen

In the story â€Å"The Fall of the House of Usher† by Edgar Allen Poe, the character Roderick Usher is the last male member of the Usher family. The Usher family has a nearly impeccable direct line of descent as stated in paragraph 3 of the story. Roderick has only one living relative, his sister Madeline. This means that the Usher family is in jeopardy of disappearing because neither Roderick nor his sister has any children. Therefore there is a possibility of incest between Roderick and Madeline. However this could result in many difficulties and problems for the potential children and possibly on the consciences of Roderick and Madeline. In the story Roderick sings a poem entitled â€Å"The Haunted Palace† to the narrator of the story. Since Roderick Usher is having doubts about the security of his family line he uses the poem as a way of expressing these emotions without stating them explicitly. The organization of the stanzas in â€Å"The Haunted Palace† shows a lot about the poem’s overall meaning. The poem is literally about a palace in a beautiful valley. The palace is inhabited by spirits and a ruler of the valley. The valley is a happy place until it is attacked by evil spirits and their ruler dies. The attack of the spirits leaves the palace a dark and gloomy place. But this literal translation of the poem does not show its metaphorical meaning. A metaphor of the poem can be found through the organization of the poem as a whole. Stanza I describes the setting of the poem: â€Å"In the greenest of our valleys† (1.1). It also mentions the palace which is in the valley. Stanza II describes the palace in more detail, labelling it as a beautiful place. Stanza III gives information on the tenants of the palace; spirits live inside with â€Å"the ru... ...oderick refers to the spirits as good and says that they sing about: â€Å"The wit and wisdom of their king.† (4.8). â€Å"The ruler of the realm† (3.8) whom the spirits are singing about could represent the house of Usher, but not the literal house of Usher, instead they are singing about the Usher family. It is known that this is a name often given to both the house and the family: â€Å"†¦the ‘House of Usher’ – an appellation which seemed to include, in the minds of the peasantry who used it, both the family and the family mansion.† (Poe par.3) Therefore Roderick could be saying all of this because he is proud of his family and believes that he is letting down the â€Å"House of Usher† by not continuing the direct line of descent that his family has continued for so many years. Thus when the king dies in the poem (5.3-4), Roderick could think that his family line has already died.

Broken window concept

The â€Å"broken window† concept is among the most popular frameworks, designed for better understanding of the nature of crime and its prevention. George Kelling was the first criminologist, who suggested that even tiny problems are visible – for instance, a broken window points to the house owner’s ignorance and indifference. The paper is intended to discuss the concept and its application in details.â€Å"The essence of â€Å"broken windows† is that neighborhood disorder –physical decay, such as graffiti, litter and dilapidation; and minor misconduct, such as public drinking and vagrancy – will, if left unchecked, signal potential miscreants that no one is watching† (Miller, 2001, p. 27). This means, grave crimes begin with minor misdemeanors, and notorious criminals like serial killers often ‘begin with’ drug or alcohol abuse, which grow into social pathology, constantly reinforced by the conviction in the overall perm issiveness (Miller, 2001).Conversely, when eliminating the traces of minor misconducts like litter and graffiti in public places, the visitors become more conscientious about the overall public safety in this place. At first, the concept was applied in subways: Bratton, who received a piece of â€Å"broken window† advice from Kelling and subsequently wrote: â€Å"Fare evasion was the biggest broken window in the transit system. We were going to fix that window and see that it didn’t get broken again† (Miller, 2001, p.28). Thus, the group increased the number of policemen, supposed to detect the stowaway passengers – as a result, they found that a number of these ‘wrongdoers’ carried illegal arms and some of them had light drugs like marijuana. Finally, the subway became much cleaner and safer, as the number of combats and conflicts substantially decreased. Later, Mr. Bretton was hired as New York police commissioner, assigned to struggle with street prostitution.Violent and aggressive behavior and public drinking. The executive of the law enforcement agency introduced new computerized systems of surveillance in public places and increased the staff of the agency –as a result, the number of felony crimes fell beyond the expected decrease of the aforementioned misdemeanors (Miller, 2001). On the other hand, the causes of crime are still vague, as a complex of factors contribute. Most studies, however, empirically confirmed the â€Å"broken window† idea.For instance, Skogan conducted document analysis and scrutinized the earlier surveys in more than 40 localities. â€Å"He found that measures of social and physical decay correlated with certain kinds of serious crimes† (Miller, 2001, p. 28). On the other hand, new obstacles to policing emerged. As Kelling notes (1999), proactive approach to policing (prevention of crimes through putting the â€Å"broken window† concept into practice) is nowadays viewed by public as â€Å"soft policing†.On the other hand , â€Å"Community policing is inherently proactive: scan for problems; diagnose them; try to prevent them from occurring again; if they recur, try to limit the damage and restore the victim/family/community’s functioning† (Kelling, 1999, p. 10). This means, community policing often involves much more efforts than â€Å"crime fighting†, as in this case the commissioner or the police officer acts as an strategic analyst, supposed to have the ability to anticipate problems.Kelling’s approach to policing inherently includes regular interviews with community members, which means, police officers should keep in touch with the residents in order to identify the discuss the problems the community members are concerned about. In addition, the functioning of the whole law enforcement apparatus should be more transparent for community members, i. e. they should have an opportunity to learn the reason s for their neighbor’s arrest, for instance, as this measure is likely to act as a deterrent for others and a reminder about the policy’s care about public safety.On the other hand, a number of critics expressed their fear of the possible tendency for the expansion of the â€Å"soft policing† and the substantial elimination of reactive and radical measures. In this sense, Kelling alleges: â€Å" The fact that police add options to their repertoire of methods, try to limit damage and restore functioning does not mean that conventional assertive law enforcement is disallowed as a legitimate police tactic.For example, understanding the dynamics of New York City’s â€Å"squeegee men† –unwanted car window washers who intimidate drivers into giving them money – and talking to them did nothing to deter their behavior† (Kelling, 1999, p. 11). Nevertheless, as one can understand, civil law can be used by the police – as Kelling s tates, the new initiatives including such penalties like forfeiture, restitution and civil fines are placed upon those committing domestic violence, illegal weapons possession or disclose aggressive racist behavior.This means, a punishment should refer to the least possible intervention into the person’s life: for instance, if a criminal is not aggressive or dangerous and hasn’t committed grave crime, arrest is likely to appear a redundant measure. To sum up, the ‘broken window’ approach to policing refers not merely to the elimination of minor crimes, but also to the overall prevention of deviance and more extensive use of civil liberties in the issues like discretion.In general, Kerlling’s position is positivistic, as he views individuals as basically disciplined and law-abiding, but in order to increase public awareness in the importance of citizens’ own efforts in the sphere of public safety, it is important to show them that the police a re sensitive and responsive even to the minor misconducts. Reference list Miller, D. (2001). Poking Holes in the Theory of ‘Broken Window’. Chronicle of Higher Education, 2: 27-34. Kelling, G. (1999). â€Å"Broken Windows† and Police Discretion. National Institute of Justice Research Report. Available online at: http://www. ncjrs. org/pdffiles1/nij/178259. pdf

Cotton top Tamarin essays

Cotton top Tamarin essays One of the most endangered primates in the world, the cotton-top tamarin, Saguius Oedipus, is distinguished by its remarkable physical appearance. The animal belongs to the Callitrichidae family, the smallest and one of the most diverse of the New World monkeys (Savage, Natural 1). The tamarins unique appearance along with its dying habitat and biomedical possibilities led to the creatures endangerment. Physically, the cotton-top tamarin distinctly stands out among members of its family and the genus Saguinus. The animal is named for the striking crest of white hair running from its forehead to its neck, hanging over its shoulders, noticeable in contrast to the tamarins black face. The underside of the creatures arms and legs is white, while its back is black or brown. Tamarins posses claws rather than nails and have short tusked lower anterior dentition that allows them to suck sap out of trees (Savage, Natural 1). Being no more than 12 inches long and 7.26 cm tall, cottontop tamarins weigh less than a pound. Aside from physical appearance, location, behavior, diet, and reproduction help describe the tamarin and its ecosystem. The tamarin lives in only one location in the world, the rainforests of Columbia, South America. Like many other animals, cotton-top tamarins live in groups of 8 to 13 and spend their days traveling, looking for prey, and resting. The cotton-top tamarins diet consists of nectar, saps, fruits, vegetables, flowers, small animals, and insects (Savage, Natural 2). Its predators include Marten-like tayra, forest hawks, and humans. A tamarin normally lives between 13 and 14 years, and females can bear 2 offspring a year, usually twins. Despite the tamarins inherent value within its ecosystem, causes of its endangerment continue to thrive. The cotton-top tamarin's aesthetic benefits, unique susceptibility t...

Patton essays

Patton essays Millions of men died during the Second World War and each of those men, civilians or soldiers, affected the war. But only a handful of those men greatly affected the war in such a way that they, with their leadership and decisions, determined the outcome of the war. These men were the leaders in the army's involved in World War II. One of those leaders influenced the war with a 'deeply religious and very profane way, with a mixture of what some say was like fire and ice.' Earning the nickname 'Old Blood and Guts' General George S. Patton Jr. used tactics unlike any other of his time. He was an educated man who went to Virginia Military Institute and then to West Point, which he graduated from. He not only knew his history but also could retell battles that very few knew. General Patton influenced the war in such a way that he helped win the war. General Patton was widely known for his war tactics and was called a Legend in his own time. People ether hated his guts or loved him because he knew how to win battles in his own unique way. He led his men through terrain unknown to him and in some cases weather conditions that were extremely hazards. During battles like the Battle of the Bulge he led his men throw snow without the right camouflage for his men or his tanks. He studied all the Great War leaders throughout time and used many of their strategies during battle. He was well known for knowing his history and respected for his knowledge. Patton loved his job. He took risks, which could have cost the lives of all his men, but with luck and great strategy he lost less men than planned. His casualties were lower than anyone could have expected even out of him. He loved his job so much he fought unlike any other General in the American, German, Italian, or British. No one loved war or being able to command as many men as Pat ton did. General Patton pushed his men hard to make them strive for victory. He gained the name 'Old ...

Tourism and Economy of UK Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4250 words

Tourism and Economy of UK - Essay Example By now, the benefits that tourism brings to any country are plainly incontrovertible. But tourism has its own downsides or drawbacks. It is a volatile and mercurial national undertaking. It is subject to so many factors and influences that may slow down its growth or even send it to the doldrums. Effects of global warming, such as floods, frequent typhoons, hailstorms, tsunamis and other calamities discourage vacationers and affect the tourism industry. So do absence of peace and order, civil wars, religious fanaticism, epidemic outbreaks, â€Å"political instability, currency fluctuations, changes in fashion and changes in the economy† (Nagle 1999,p.5). Speaking of the economy, economic factors can drastically reverse the growth of the tourism industry or advance it further. Financial crisis or the slowing down of the economy or recession definitely gives the tourism industry a big blow that may decelerate it. However, currency devaluation, which increases the spending power of tourists has an opposite effect. In the late 1990’s when Asian currencies, such as the Thai baht and the Philippine peso were devalued, streams of tourists from Europe and North America took advantage of the weakened currencies and enlivened the tourism industry in those parts of the world. But a strong exchange rate will always dissuade tourists from coming. Instead, they will tend to flock to weakened economies where they will get more value for their money. Bad governance especially governance of the economy in any nation always contributes to tourism decline. Mishandling of the economy that always entails graft and corruption gives bad image to the country and travelers shun countries marred by claims of misgovernance and corruption. In tourism promotion, good image counts a lot. Besides misgovernance spawns a destitute citizenry who finds it difficult to travel domestically and domestic tourism provides a sizable chunk of the tourism earnings of any nation. Enacted le gislations inimical to tourism also affects its tourism industry as well as the budgeting of a measly outlay for tourism infrastructures. A hostile foreign relations policy may scuttle the tourism vessel of the nation and cause it to sink to oblivion. An example for this was the near-destruction of Cuba's tourism industry when USA imposed an economic embargo against Cuba in the 60's and 70's (Jafari 2000,p.122).

Hewlett Packard Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Hewlett Packard - Case Study Example This report pertains to the current business position of Hewlett Packard (HP),its current business problems and the way ahead for this business organisation.My first impression at the outset of ESS (E-Services Solution)group is to point out that this venture may be a successful at the outset given the period 1999 until 2000 but it has all the ingredients of becoming a victim of its own success and potentially damaging the work culture of HP with the so called aim of "infecting" the entire spirit.I would reach such a bleak conclusion for many reasons which I will discuss below but the pith and substance of my analysis as a management consultant is that "small is beautiful" but once it gets large it becomes ugly. And this is true for HP's future if the ESS is allowed to grown into its organizational management culture.At the outset of the case study we are made aware that in 1999 alone through the efforts of the ESS ,HP has achieved the status as a leading manufacturer of computer prod ucts, including printers, servers, workstations, and personal computers and is generating a revenue of $42.4 billion and net income of $3.1 billion.It has over 80,000 employees worldwide and a strong local presence in Silicon Valley and the Bay Area. The problems of HP and the role of ESS.The case study has given us a bird's eyes view of the historical problems with the management strategy of HP as follows. 1. In 1939 Bill Hewlett and Dave Packard, found HP and were an instant success with the and wanted to pursue theirs own unique way of doing business: "The HP Way." The evolution of the HP Way began early. Even though their decentralized management style was a success in the earlier dealing and by 1957 Hewlett and Packard had their own corporate objectives, underling the "The HP Way" through management strategies like Management By Wandering Around, Management By Objectives, and the Open Door Policy inspired later additions, including Open Communication and Total Quality Control .These practices cannot be seen anywhere today and later on the conservative attitude of HP with in a decentralized company and was more product oriented than customer oriented. 2. So far another reason HP has suffered is its insider hiring.Although Young and Platt were good leaders and displayed some good leadership qualities.However by 1998 HP was facing low stock prices and a lot of criticism pertaining to having missed the Internet market.There were other problems likecomplexity, and a loss of accountability and there was an over all lack of focus on the HRM issues. 3.

How to accomplish affordability and ethics for a clothing manufacturer Essay

How to accomplish affordability and ethics for a clothing manufacturer - Essay Example The paper tells that the apparel industry is characterized by fast fashion, increasing competition and constant change in style. Cost, quality, and timing are three critical elements in product offerings. The demand for low-cost products coupled with the labor-intensive nature of apparel products effectively requires companies such as Starburst to outsource manufacturing to overseas suppliers. There is direct evidence on the importance of strategic sourcing in sustaining affordability as well as the positive impact it has on firm’s performance due to the cost and timing benefits. However, offshore manufacturing is becoming a major cause of social and economic issues in the vendor countries. The credibility and culpability of the apparel industry are under scrutiny due to the frequency and magnitude of the human tragedies associated with overseas garment production. With this awareness, retailers and customers are rightfully seeking evidence of practices and industry efforts to better the working conditions, pay and safety in offshore factories. Ethical sourcing is becoming an essential business practice. There is a clear recognition of the fact that effective overseas sourcing plays the pivotal role in a company’s success; however, it has recently been at a high social cost. Given the 2012 fire incidences at the Tarzeen Fashions factory and the textile factory in Pakistan all overshadowed by the 1,127 deaths in the April 2013 Rana Plaza factory collapse, the reality is extremely hazardous and poor working conditions persist. Factories put production schedules before safety or workers’ rights. Beyond the basic safety issues, labor practices such as low pay and overtime without pay have been observed in many of the vendor countries. In some cases, human rights violations and sexual abuse are occurring.

The Declaration of Independence Essay Example for Free

The Declaration of Independence Essay The ideals and goals of early American life that are expressed in the original documents that were written concerning the early years of American history are a fascinating insight into what the visions of various people were during the beginnings of the new country that was developing across the ocean from Europe. These documents give us a truly unique perspective on what America is and what it means to those who were living within it during its beginnings. It gives a clear picture as to what the goals were of Americans in the early years and we can better understand which of those has survived until today. There are certain goals and visions of America that are universally found within documents that were written in early American times. â€Å"The Declaration of Independence† is perhaps one of the most well-known and important because it sums up the principles on which our country was founded, which are found throughout the other documents in one form or another as well. Freedom and independence, for example, are important visions and goals for American life. Freedom, for example, is an ideal that has been held by our country for a very long time. Everything from freedom of expression, as seen in some of these documents, to freedom of religion and the freedom to be able to live lives the way people wish to live them. Liberty, or freedom, is also seen in â€Å"Give me Liberty or Give Me Death† and this document shows just how important of an ideal it was. Today, liberty and freedom are still two very important ideals in American culture, and goes hand in hand with independence. Another important goal is charity, but also this goes hand in hand with Christianity and the freedom of religion that is so prized in American life. All of these documents share these common ideals about American life and what it represented to those who wrote them and established this new country. America was established on ideals and principles found within these documents, which are still part of American life today and these are still the foundation on which our way of life is built. These documents express these ideals and show that they have been a part of America since its formation.

EBays Growth Strategies: An Analysis

EBays Growth Strategies: An Analysis To gain market in India, eBay has to change the way it operates. eBay.in has to develop and implement new strategies for the change management. Using the following table the best theory to use is Lippitts Phases of Change Theory. This theory consists of 7 steps and it mainly focuses on change agents roles and responsibilities compared to evolution of change in the organization. Implementing Lippitts phases of change theory on eBay.in The problem: eBay failed to make its impression in India, one main reason is the countrys internet and technology is still developing unlike in USA, where internet and technology growth reached its maturity level. People in India consider eBay as a virtual market, and so they dont believe in it, when compared to retail and wholesale markets. eBay is unable to adapt the different languages and cultures in the country so it is unknown to most of the people. Motivation and capacity for change: eBay has enough capacity for the change, and to localize itself in various states/cultures it needs to appoint local business people/change agents, who are familiar with local markets and the technology. Increase in fuel price, inflation, and recession are forcing people to choose other methods to purchase products they need, so eBay is the choice people have, and the change agent if able to inspire them the organization will grow strong in the market within few months. Change Agent and Resources: Recruiting those individuals who know the local market as well as have good knowledge about the internet and technology can be helpful. To check the motivation and commitment of the agent, he/she will be assessed through few interviews and other psychological tests. As the organization depends mainly on internet and technology, the required resources are available in India, like manpower, transportation, etc. Progressive change objects: Developing action plans and strategies with respect to different cultures and languages needs those language and culture experts, organization should employee those people before they build their strategies. The main goal here is to gain the customers belief and get close to them so they know the organization. Aims of this process are to decrease complexity and achieve operational excellence. Role of Change Agent: organization should define what they are expecting from the change agent, and change should be clear about what his/her duties are and should make it clear for the organization and other employees, and customers, by which no one gets confused in the process of change. Maintaining the Change: developing new strategies for marketing, like campaigns, advertisements about the organization and how the organization operates is very important for the organization. Taking feedbacks and review helps organization to understand how people are reacting and what are the other changes the organization needs to make, to increase belief on the organization? Change Agent: once organization reached a stage where people are believing in the organization and are able to communicate properly without any problem, the role of change agent should be lessened and the change process should be terminated slowly. What would you do differently if undertaking a project of this nature in the future? Following above steps can increase the belief of the people on the organization, but I would like to concentrate on one specific point i.e. existence of the organization in the virtual environment. The main reason, why people dont believe the eBay.in is because of its virtual existence, and I would like to change that in to physical existence. Both buyers and sellers are customers of the organization and they can do it online, but I would like to provide a small place/ business centre where people can come and meet directly and exchange goods or products. By this process people will be more attracted towards the organization and customers belief towards the organization increases. However, this contradicts with the idea of online marketing but, this process should be and will be followed only for few days, until and up to the organization gains the belief of its customers. And we use this business centre only for those customers who are willing to come and for complex situations to reduce complexity. Factors which can influence the change management process Power: many organizations follow hierarchical power i.e. managers take decisions, sometimes with the support of employees and sometimes without the support of employees, about the process and strategies that organization is going to follow. Here management of eBay considers buyers and sellers are equally powerful to make their own decisions. Culture: eBay is a massive community with unique culture. In the site individuals can find articles offering wider information than just auction listing or price lists or web site tools. eBay creates opportunities for people, it cares its customers, and making a difference in the world. It explains us the unique psychology, attitudes, and beliefs and values of the management and founders of eBay. Communication: organizational communication and interpersonal communication plays a vital role in effective change management. Organization communication is leader communicating with the employees through meeting, conferences, or electronic mails. This information in general is for everyone in the organization to explain new strategies or action plans to its employees. Interpersonal communication is communication between management and employees, in general to provide information on what they are expecting from the employees and what organization aims at. It is also useful in taking feedbacks as not all the employees work and learns at same-pace. Interpersonal communication increases relationship between employees and management which is very important for an organization to sustaining change. Conclusion: eBay was able to make a strong impact on the market in USA, UK, etc. because the growth of technology in these countries was too high. eBay inc primarily depend on the internet for its existence and without internet and technology it cannot exists. In countries like India, where internet and technology is still growing and didnt reach its maturity level, it is hard for the organization to grow and make an impact on the market. Education level of the customers also plays an important role in online business, developing new software to make selling and buying process simple also plays a role in the development of the organization. Technology is a macro environmental factor, meaning organizations like eBay cannot control or increase the growth of technology in markets like India. So, developing new strategies like building physical existence rather than virtual existence can make a difference, it is not necessary to start a retail market but proving a business centre, where people can come in case of necessary and delivery issues can increase belief of customers on the organization. Providing local language call centres and customers support centres also helps organization to grow in the developing markets. Change is necessary in the present world, increase in globalization and internationalization is forcing organization to change and develop new strategies to gain the markets and customers. Because of increase in competition organizations are changing their products and markets to gain competitive advantage. In one way or another change is coming into the organizations, and managing change is very important as improper manage of change can destroy organization. An American Born Chinese by Gene Luen Yang | Analysis An American Born Chinese by Gene Luen Yang | Analysis According to Chun, who has studied the typical Asian American stereotypes and the myth of their success, Asian American descendants have been pressured into assimilating within an inflexible mold of Americanization to avoid the anti-Oriental stereotypes and prejudices of American society (The Myth). Chuns observation indicates that minority youth in the United States are constantly hard pressed by the biased and unequal educational system that is majorly dominated by those who enjoy white privileges. Shim argues in his article, which introduces the history of yellow stereotypes in America since 1800s, that the entertainment industry plays a critical role to enforce and expand racist practices through the false presentation of Asian stereotypes (From Yellow). Based on the strong influence of the media to young generations, stereotypes are extensively imitated and exercised at schools. In American Born Chinese, a graphic novel written by an Asian American immigrant Gene Luen Yang, the author successfully communicates to the audience of unjustified stereotypes faced by Asian American youth that equally share his cultural background at schools (American). Themes Yangs primary message of the novel is to persuade students to overcome racial adversities and accept their true identities. He effectively utilizes pathos in the scenes where everyone dislikes Chin-Kees abnormal behavior and where Jin constantly has to fight against Asian stereotypes to highlight the hardships of acculturation of young generation in America. On the other hand, the implicit message of the novel is to allow educators to notice and seek for solutions on racial discrimination against non-white groups students that discourage their academic motivation and cultural preservation. In light of Yangs primary and secondary messages, the audience can learn that culture is not static or inherent for anyone. Instead, it is reproduced and learned by young generation as an account of evolving and complex progress through educational experience. Yang appeals to the greatest level of audience with three different genres and demonstrate to them the idea that minority youth culture is s haped and distorted in academic environment through the use of stereotyped behaviors, provocative language and ironic caricatures of Chin-Kee in the novel. Yang adopts three genres to targets audience from the general category of those who endeavor to identify their cultural heritage to the non-white minority groups in the American society. He expresses in an interview that, My Chinese heritage informs the way that I am an American (Youtube). These words indicate that Yang wants to draw the attention of Asian American immigrant specifically through the novel because of his academic experience. Nonetheless, the books increasing popularity successfully brought the attention of educators and critics of American power structures. He is able to reach different levels of audience for the reason that multi-culture education reflects the interaction of each individual pupil with the institutional system as well as the more complex economic-political society. Furthermore, Yang uses the comic book as the main genre, for that he regards comics as an individualistic pursuit that is intimate and reflective (Youtube). He also adopts sub-genres of sup erhero fiction and coming-of-age story in the novel to incorporate two different styles of stories that interrelate to each other. Three characters are portrayed by Yang in each story. All of them similarly feel the age to become Americanized with the expense of their original identity. The central characters include the Monkey King, who represents a superhero from the famous Chinese tale and Jin, who transforms himself into a typical white guy Danny to assimilate into American society. Yangs technique to adapt the old tale of Monkey King with some Catholic Elements proves that he successfully attracts not only Chinese American immigrants but also the audience from the dominant white culture. In addition, his own experience is reflected through the coming-of-age story, which persuades the wide range of audience of the novels credibility under the backdrop. In light of these methods, he inspires audience from various minority groups to discover and respect their cultural heritage. Stereotyped behaviors of Chin-Kee and Jin are depicted in the novel to present the distorted minority youth culture. Such students constantly face the hardships to accommodate and acculturate into American society. In anthropological terms, incommensurability refers to the fact that there are certain aspects of one culture that are hard for people from another culture to comprehend. According to American Born Chinese, Yang exaggerates scenes where Chin-Kee and Jin are constantly teased or excluded for the stereotyped behaviors by their white counterparts at school in order to reflect the incommensurable groups from the dominant culture. For instance, all the white students around Chin-Kee widely discuss about the fact that he eats crispy fried cat gizzards with noodle. Furthermore, the little white boy looks down upon Jin, who is introduced by the teacher on the first day of class. His expression very serious and disdainful, the boy insists that, My momma says Chinese people eat dogs . Yang goes on further to make the teacher respond that she thinks Jins family probably abandoned their old habit because they are eager to become like Americans (American Born Chinese).This two scenes indicates that the white students are unconsciously distinguishing between what we eat and what he eats. They fail to understand that this type of food, which they critically comment on, should not contribute to the reason why they regard their culture as more superior. As I have observed, Germans are frenzied about roasted pork feet. Also, Americans eat spam, a type of canned pork regularly. However, people from Islamic culture developed their eating habits that regard pork as dirty and inedible. Thus, the selection of food by people from different cultural backgrounds is idiosyncratic, and it should not be disrespected by anyone, for that otherwise the person automatically denies a part of his or her own culture. In the second scene, Yang intends to emphasize that educators should c ircumvent inequality and stereotypes while using their cultural power to teach students knowledge and the political structure. He arouses the audiences sympathy by presenting the critical stereotypes that the little boy Jin, who barely started his first day at an elementary school, has to experience. Jin not only encountered biased opinions from the teacher, but also the fellow classmates who spread rumors about his unusual relationship with a Japanese girl, Suzy Nakamura. At this point, the fact that white students concluded that Jin would marry Suzy once again implicates the students inability to notice that there are remarkable distinction between Chinese and Japanese culture although they both share the same Asian root. To a larger extent, the dominant groups falsely regard themselves as the mainstream culture and marked off a line between white society and the rest of others. This belief results in a subtraction process of minority youth culture that causes them to question the value of their original culture. Yang depicts the stereotyped opinions of Jins teachers and classmates to infer how academic environment influences Asian American immigrants like Jin to build their cultural identity. They need to constantly struggle between their original Asian blood and new Asian American citizenship. Also, through creating stereotypes from different angles of students and teachers toward Jin and Chin-Kee, Yang is able to persuade the audience that culture is a process that maintains the larger stratified system in American society. For instance, Jin assumes that he is not accepted by the dominant culture because of his racial identity. As a result of the cultural tension, he goes so far in the story as to transform himself into a white guy, Danny. Ironically, he ends up at a Chinese cafà © drinking Boba tea with Wei-Chen, the monkey, in a similar vein, who symbolically transforms into a human being. Jin abandons the American identity that he dreamed about. In this circumstance, the academic envir onment forced Jin to fight against his Chinese background to assimilate into the American society where white people rule the dominant culture. Yang deliberately set up the ending in which Jin ultimately recognizes that he should learn to appreciate his part of Chinese origin. This allows the minority immigrants under the similar context to understand that each culture encompasses unique practices and knowledge. The incommensurability is the product of students engagement in school activates. As a result, Yang shows how interactions among individuals empower the meaning of culture. He intends to emphasize that educators are responsible to inform the significance of culture and clarify the power structures beyond academic competence. Yang enhances the effect of Asian American stereotypes by applying rhetorical skills such as provocative language and ironic caricatures. Readers and Yang himself consider the language in American Born Chinese as unnecessarily crass (Yang, Kartika Review). Yang utilizes this style of language to transfer the idea that biased interrelationship of different cultures is unhealthy and uncivilized in a similar token. Furthermore, the categorized power structure influences younger generation to shape their notions toward a diversity of experience at school. For instance, Timmy, the white boy from Jins elementary school refers to Jin as bucktooth without any hesitation. He does not care what harm he causes Jin. On the other hand, Timmy changes his tone when he calls the other white friend Pansy Boy to a whisper due to his serious demand. Yangs use of transitional language here reflects Timmys perception of his position in the society. He visions white culture as more powerful and privileged , so that he verbally bullying the inferior races and compromise with the kid from his superior group. Lastly, Yang draws caricatures in the novel to symbolically refer to the exaggerated stereotypes that are placed on Asian American immigrants. For instance, Chin-Kee wears outdated clothing and has a physical appearance that looks like underdeveloped human beings. Also, Chin-Kee never changes his outfit throughout the novel and has long hair that only past ancestors do in China. Thus, through combining the Asian American stereotypes throughout the book with rhetorical devices such as language and caricatures, Yang successfully delivers the message that culture is not inherited but instead a process that is learned and shaped by power structures in the society through educational means. It is also described in the article Culture as Disability, written by McDermott and Varenne, that culture reveals not broken person but identifications neatly tuned to the workings of institutions serving political and economic ends. Yang intends to persuade educators that they should start to notice that it is their responsibility to respect each cultural practice and value. Although racial discrimination is hard to extinguish in the society, it is possible to educate young generation to appreciate their cultural heritage while assimilating into the American society. Most importantly, instructors should clarify the opportunity structure under the socio-economic context and ne atly tuned to explain the process of cultural construction. In this fashion, young generation may obtain different perspectives from It is because we are minority groups to We can make a difference because we are no different than people from the dominant culture. Electrical Stimulus in a Frog Muscle: Experiment Electrical Stimulus in a Frog Muscle: Experiment Frogs are keystone species, an essential organism to aquatic ecosystems. They have both terrestrial and aquatic niches as predators and prey and serve as indicator species to assess the response of ecosystems to environmental change. To execute daily locomotion patterns, frogs use skeletal muscles. We wanted to determine the relationship between the strength of the stimulus and the response of the muscle. We also wanted to measure the amplitude of contraction produced in a muscle that is stimulated with repeated pulses delivered at progressively higher frequencies. We hypothesized that increasing stimulus voltage in the gastrocnemius muscle of a frog will result in an increase in stimulation amplitude and that an increase in stimulation frequency at a constant voltage will result in an increase in force generated by the muscle up until a point where it plateaus. We found that our hypotheses were supported and that muscle regulation was via temporal and spatial recruitment. This study is important because it serves as a model for understanding skeletal muscle mechanisms in other organisms including humans. Frogs are widely distributed terrestrial amphibians that inhabit upland and wetland regions, found on all continents of the world except Antarctica. Many frog species, in both larval and adult stages serve as important prey for larger predators including fish, raccoons, snakes and birds of prey (Chalcraft and Resetarits 2003; Auniola and Kauhala 2001). Additionally frogs serve an important role as indicators of environmental stress (King 2010). A review of complex systems in temporary ponds by Wilbur (1997) makes the argument that frogs have two distinct niches, one terrestrial and one aquatic. Wilbur states all frogs with free-living larvae change at metamorphosis from aquatic omnivorous tadpoles to amphibious carnivorous adults. The role of such connections among food webs is a fruitful area for both theoretical and empirical research because the foraging of animals across ectones may be an important biological mechanism linking elements of the mosaics of habitats that form landsca pes. One trait frogs are most known for is locomotion. Frogs typically display two type of locomotion: jumping and swimming. Though frogs are traditionally presented as jump specialists most species also swim (Navas et al. 1999). Frogs exhibit these locomotive behaviors for a variety of reasons including escaping predators, often times by a short set of quick and powerful jumps (Carvalho, Gomes and Navas 2007). Frog locomotion is dependent on muscles, particularly skeletal muscles, which are muscles connected to the skeleton (Marsh and Olson 1998). Skeletal muscles are organized beginning with units called sarcomeres. A sarcomere consists of two opposing vertical Z-line discs each with actin filaments attached. A myosin filament floats between each horizontal actin section. Sarcomeres are connected to each other by Z-lines. One mechanism of muscle contraction begins with the sliding of the actin and myosin filaments. Parts of the myosin, known as myosin heads, bind to the free end of the actin, the end not attached to the Z-line, and pull it one way toward the center of the mysosin, in an accordian-like mechanism. The muscle shortens or contracts because the sarcomeres shorten. The process by which the myosin binds to the actin is called the Cross-Bridge cycle. The binding of the myosin to actin is the trigger for the myosin head to tilt and release an ADP and a P as well as a powerstroke. ATP binds to the myosin head and the myosin releases the actin, in a softening effect. The ATP is hydrolyzed and delivers energy to moved the mysosin head back and it is ready for the next powerstroke. The sarcomeres move closer together by many of these powerstrokes occurring one after the other. In the Cross-Bridge cycle myosin is normally prevented from binding to the actin. Another protein called tropomyosin, which is wrapped around the actin, is in the way to block the actin-myosin binding site. Another protein, troponin, is attached to the tropomyosin and when triggered, moves the troponin away to allow the binding to occur. But what triggers the tropomyosin to move the troponin? The simple answer is calcium and this occurs in a process called excitation-contraction coupling. In excitation-contraction coupling an action potential or electrical stimulus, runs down a T-tubule in the muscle fiber. The stimulus reaches a ryanodyne receptor which opens ion channels in the sarcoplasmic reticulum, a storage space for calcium in the muscle fibers. Once the ion channels are opened, calcium runs out into the cell. For the muscle to relax or return to its original resting position, calcium must be moved back into the sarcoplasmic reticulum by a SERCA pump. Because calcium is being moved against a concentration gradient, this relaxation requires ATP. The SERCA pump lowers calcium levels in the cytosol or cell and when the calcium is taken up again the muscle relaxes. Since muscles are not contracting all the time muscle contraction must be regulated. Regulating the muscles allows frogs to change aspects of locomotive behavior, such as how far a frog is able to jump. Muscle contraction force can be regulated by calcium in three mechanisms: temporal recruitment, in which the firing rate at which individual motor neurons fire is changed; spatial recruitment, in which the number of active motor units is changed; and the length-tension relationship, in which the sarcomere length is changed to generate tension. This study focuses on the force of muscle contraction via temporal and spatial recruitment. In temporal recruitment, the frequency of the action potential is changed, usually increased, so that more calcium is released into the muscle cell. More calcium in the cell results in more tension generated. Another mechanism for the regulation of muscle contraction force is motor unit recruitment, also known as spatial recruitment. A motor unit is comprised of muscle fibers and a motor neuron. There are different amounts of fibers per motor unit. In spatial recruitment the number of active motor units is increased to increase the strength of muscle contraction. More motor units means that more muscle fibers can be stimulated. If only half of the muscle fibers are stimulated, only half the amount of force will be generated. If all of the muscle fibers are stimulated, the maximum amount of force will be generated. We hypothesized that if we increase voltage of an electrical stimulus in a frog muscle we will see an increase in stimulation amplitude and if we increase stimulation frequency at a constant voltage, we will see an increase in force generated by the muscle up until a point where it plateaus. Materials Methods: We used the gastrocnemius muscle of a frog in two experiments. In the first experiment we used a single stimulus, changing the voltage of the stimulus from 0 volts to 2.0 volts. The force of the muscle was recorded. In the second experiment we stimulated the muscle in series of ten using a constant voltage identified in the first experiment. The frequency of the stimuli was progressively increased starting at 0.5 and ending at 30 Hz. Results: Our results showed that as the stimulus increases the amplitude of the muscle twitches increases up until a point where it plateaus. Our results also showed that as the stimulation frequency increases the passive tension of the muscle increase up until a point where it plateaus. Figure 1 shows a normalized graph for the effects of increasing stimulus on the amplitude of muscle twitches in the gastrocnemius muscle of a frog. The x-axis is the recorded stimulus in volts and the y-axis is the amplitude of the twitches (displayed as a percentage of the maximum). The graph shows that as the stimulus increases the amplitude of the muscle twitches increases up until a point where it plateaus. Table 1 shows a set of group data from the first experiment, in which amplitude and times of muscle twitches were generated by stimulus pulses of different amplitudes. As in Figure 1, Table 1 shows that as the stimulus increases the amplitude of the muscle twitches increases up until a point where it plateaus. The contraction time and latency period remains largely unchanged with changing stimulus amplitude. Figure 2 shows a normalized graph for the effects of increasing stimulation frequency on the passive tension in the gastrocnemius muscle of a frog. The x-axis is the stimulus frequency in hertz and the y-axis is the passive tension in the muscle (displayed as a percentage of the maximum). The graph shows that as the stimulation frequency increases the passive tension of the muscle increase up until a point where it plateaus. Table 2 shows a set of group data from the second experiment, in which the strength of muscle contraction was examined during mechanical summation and tetanus. As in Figure 2, Table 2 shows that as the stimulus increases the amplitude of the muscle twitches increases up until a point where it plateaus. The amplitude of the first twitch remains largely unchanged with changing stimulus amplitude. Discussion: The data shows that the direct electrical stimulation produces contraction of the muscle via motor units. A little bit of force is generated when a few of these motor units are being used and a lot of force is generated when lots of motor units are being used. The muscle does not respond to the low stimulus voltages because the electrical stimulus is not directly touching the muscle, it is touching the surrounding connective tissue. The low stimulus voltages are not strong enough to penetrate the tissue. As noted in Figure 1 and Table 1 the amplitude of the muscle response increases with increasing stimulus voltages. This is so because more and more of the muscle mass is stimulated as the voltages increase. At high stimulus voltages, the muscle response reaches maximum amplitude. The muscle response does not continue to increase with increasing stimulus voltages because the muscle is already functioning at the best of its ability. The muscle cells have reached the point where all the troponins are activated by calcium. Releasing more calcium into the cell will not result in any more tension generated, as the system is already working at its maximum capacity. Latency is the interval between stimulus and a response to the stimulus, here meaning muscle contraction. Over this period, the action potential sweeps across the cell membrane of the muscle cell and the sarcoplasmic reticulum releases calcium ions. The muscle fiber does not produce tension during the latent period, because the contraction cycle has yet to begin. The latency period in this study was constant at 0.025 seconds.This result been found by anyone else and it seems does not vary among other species, since it is roughly the same for humans (Hamilton and Osborn 1977). Since contraction amplitude is dependent upon the increases in concentration and persistence of intracellular calcium, the question of why the contraction amplitudes of single twitches are the same is raised. This can be explained because the same amount of calcium is being put in for the same repeated event. As noted in Table 2, the amplitude of the first twitch seems to be constant (value). This can be explained because the muscle is utilizing the same amount of calcium and is thus generating the same amount of force. Tetanus is the complete contraction of a muscle. Tetanus requires high stimulus frequencies. This tells us that the calcium re-uptake by the sarcoplasmic reticulum is slower than the original release. The rate of muscle relaxation is much slower after tetanus than after a single twitch because more calcium needs to be re-taken up and it takes longer to get all the extra added calcium back into the sarcoplasmic reticulum. A study on jumping bullfrogs by Marsh and Roberts reveals two points of interest: first, frogs jump farther than they should, considering only the force their muscles are able to generate. Second, muscles are able to do the most work when they contract slowly, however frog jumping involves a very rapid movement. They explain that by separating the performance of muscular work from the application of mechanical work to the body, a catapult-like mechanism, which works by loading elastic elements into the limbs prior to initiating a jump, overcomes the constraints of skeletal muscle function (Marsh and Roberts 2003). Another study by Aerts and Nauwelaerts (2006) indicates that by taking more small jumps as opposed to fewer larger jumps, frogs can increase their flexibility in movement because they would be able to change direction during the forward movement part jumping. Theoretically this means they would spend less time in the same spot during landing and recovery of the jumping cycle, which makes them more likely to be snatched by a predator. Frogs have physiological mechanisms that have enabled their muscles to generate enough force for jumping and swimming locomotion including changing the frequency of the action potential and increasing the number of active motor units. As mentioned before, frogs are a keystone species, meaning other organisms rely on it and not always directly in a predator-prey relationship. Without frogs, food webs would collapse and lead to the demise of many other species and potentially entire ecosystems. This study is important because it serves as a model for understanding skeletal muscle mechanisms in other organisms including humans.